Paper — Production And Recycling Ielts Listening

The recycling sequence involves six key stages. First, , where paper is graded by type and quality – for instance, office paper is separated from corrugated cardboard. Next is pulping , where the paper is mixed with warm water and agitated in a huge vat called a pulper, breaking it down into individual fibres.

In , the wood is ground against a rotating stone. This method yields a high volume of pulp – up to 95% of the wood becomes paper – but the resulting product is relatively low quality, yellowing quickly due to residual lignin. This type is typically used for newsprint and telephone directories. paper production and recycling ielts listening

The fifth stage is , where the recovered fibres are beaten to swell and roughen them, improving their ability to bond. Finally, stage six: paper making , where the cleaned pulp is diluted, spread onto a wire mesh screen to drain water, pressed between rollers, and then heated to dry. The recycling sequence involves six key stages

The third stage is . Here, the slurry passes through screens of varying mesh sizes to remove contaminants like staples, plastic films, and glue. Following this, a centrifugal cleaning process spins the pulp to remove heavier objects, such as paper clips and glass fragments. In , the wood is ground against a rotating stone

However, fibres cannot be recycled indefinitely. Each cycle shortens and weakens the cellulose chains. On average, a paper fibre can be reused between before it becomes too short to form a coherent sheet. At that point, the residue is often converted into lower-grade products like egg cartons or tissue paper, or used as a source of biofuel.